Particle removalTwo physical parameters must be considered in particle removal.Pressure drop,sometimes referred to as resistance to draw,is theamount of suction that must be used by the smoker to pull smoke throughthe filter. The filter′s resistance to dr...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    The ventilation or air dilution of cigarette smoke results in an overallreduction in smoke delivery. Both particulate delivery and vapor-or gasphase deliveries are reduced,generally in direct proportion to the level ofventilation. Diluting air can be intr...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Currently,there are significant pressures in the cigarette markets ofthe world which are providing the right commercial incentives for tobaccomanufacturers to be seriously reassessing the role of speciality filters intheir search for an acceptable low tar...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    One extensive study of the effect of filter ventilation on smoke component deliveries has been published. The tips used ranged in level ofventilation from 20% to 70%. It was shown that the level of ventilationremained essentially constant through the smok...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    The puffing habits of smokers are unique to each person,vary withhis emotional state,and have a strong effect on the amount of smoke produced. The amount of smoke produced per cigarette is highly dependenton the number of puffs taken and the volume of the...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Mainstream smoke combustionOver the past 20 years,researchers have evolved a good understanding of the phenomona occurring during puffing/combustion. Many experimental techniques ranging from thermodynamic calculations to use of isotopes have been employe...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Intraspecific hybridization is a cross between plants within the samespecies regardless of the genetic differences among the parents or the resulting level of heterozygosity of the hybrid. According to Burk and Chaplin,the self-pollination of an intraspec...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Plant part culture is generally known as organ culture. It is the firstsystem used with considerable success in culturing excised plant parts.Newly developed techniques may use either vegetative or reproductive organs.Culture from vegetative organs includ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Nicotiana plant materials are used widely as models for tissue culture. In fact,early tissue culture work was conducted with interspecificNicotiana hybrids,N. glauca x N. langsdorffii. At the present time,tissue or cell cultures have served as valuable to...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Anther-derived haploids are potentially used in plant physiology andbreeding programs. One report employed anthers excised from immaturefloral buds that developed on tobacco plants in a greenhouse and in widelydiffering controlled enviroments. The anthers...[繼續(xù)閱讀]